气候变化是农业生产过程中的重要挑战。近年来，在全球气候系统的不稳定性加剧，极端天气高发频发。2022年黄淮海地区遭遇极端高温天气，玉米高温热害成为继南方锈病后又一大玉米“杀手”，众多玉米品种出现花粒现象。
Climate change is a major challenge in agricultural production. In recent years, the instability of the global climate system has intensified and extreme weather has occurred frequently. In 2022, the Huang-Huai-hai area suffered from extreme high temperature, and the high temperature and heat damage of corn became another "killer" of corn after the rust disease in southern China, and many corn varieties showed the phenomenon of flowering grain.
世界气象组织认为，受气候变化影响，预计未来极端高温将出现得更频繁、更强烈。耐高温特性将成为未来玉米品种的重要考量标准。
The World Meteorological Organization believes that due to climate change, extreme high temperatures are expected to appear more frequently and more intensely in the future. High temperature resistance will be an important criterion for future maize varieties.
玉米高温热害导致减产
High temperatures reduce production
每年黄淮海地区的8月，玉米普遍进入抽雄、吐丝期，这个时期是玉米对高温最敏感的时期，也是决定产量最关键的时期。该时期玉米遭受高温环境，雌雄分化发育将严重受阻，导致发育不良；花粉和花丝活力将下降，甚至败育。花粉量少，散粉和受精时间短，将造成授粉结实不良、果穗秃尖缺粒现象，产量会严重下降。
In August of each year in Huang-Huai-hai area, corn generally enters the stage of tasseling and silking, which is the most sensitive period of corn to high temperature and also the most critical period to determine the yield. During this period, maize was subjected to high temperature environment, which severely hindered the differentiation and development of male and female, resulting in stunted growth. Pollen and filaments will be reduced, even abortive. Less pollen, loose powder and short fertilization time will result in poor pollination and barren tips of the fruit, and the yield will be seriously reduced.
种质资源的创新水平决定了玉米品种的选育水平
The innovation level of germplasm resources determines the breeding level of maize varieties
在过去较长一段时间内，国内多数玉米种质资源来自美国，育种家培育出一大批优秀的骨干材料和玉米品种。但是，美国玉米种植带对应的是我国吉林等地区，气候相对凉爽，而近几年黄淮海地区高温气候的急剧变化，中美之间的气候差异难以再忽略不计。
For a long time in the past, most of the domestic corn germplasm resources came from the United States, and breeders cultivated a large number of excellent backbone materials and corn varieties. However, the corn planting belt in the United States corresponds to Jilin and other areas in China, where the climate is relatively cool. However, the high temperature climate in the Huang-Huai-hai area has changed dramatically in recent years, so the climate difference between China and the United States can hardly be ignored.
近几年，育种家利用热带玉米资源以及国内抗高温特色品种，创新了热带种质和地方特色种质的选系方法，以及“温带种质×热带种质”组配模式，创制一系列骨干自交系。
In recent years, breeders have made use of tropical maize resources and domestic high-temperature resistant characteristic varieties to innovate the selection methods of tropical germplasm and local germplasm, as well as the "temperate germplasm × tropical germplasm" pairing model, and created a series of backbone inbred lines.
耐高温玉米育种展望
Prospect of high temperature tolerant maize breeding
针对黄淮海地区高温干旱，创建高效育种技术体系是提高育种效率和质量的技术保障。建立多生态区逆境自然选择、人工逆境胁迫选择、早代种质配合力测定、基因产量性状的抗逆评价相结合的抗逆高效育种技术体系，可提高优异基因重组的概率，提高育种效率。
Aiming at the high temperature and drought in Huang-Huai-hai area, it is the technical guarantee to establish the efficient breeding technology system to improve the breeding efficiency and quality. It is possible to improve the probability of excellent gene recombination and breeding efficiency to establish an anti-stress breeding technology system which combines natural selection under adverse stress, selection under artificial stress, determination of combining ability of early generation germplasm and anti-stress evaluation of gene yield traits in multi-ecological regions.
黄淮海夏玉米主栽区拥有优越的地理环境和光热资源，玉米生长季雨热同期，但随着全球气候变暖，当地极端气象灾害频发且危害程度呈加剧之势，给玉米新品种选育及推广带来严峻考验。
Huang-huai-hai summer maize main planting area has superior geographical environment and light and heat resources, and maize grows in the same period of monsoon rain and heat. However, with the global warming, local extreme meteorological disasters are frequent and the harm degree is increasing, which brings a severe test to the breeding and promotion of new maize varieties.
玉米育种工作者应打破固有局限，创新育种资源和技术，加快相关遗传基因及分子机理的研究，同时加强经验交流及资源共享，不断培育适应未来气候变化趋势的玉米新品种。
Maize breeders should break the inherent limitations, innovate breeding resources and techniques, speed up the research of related genetic genes and molecular mechanisms, strengthen the exchange of experience and resource sharing, and constantly cultivate new varieties of maize that adapt to future climate change trends.
2、影子基因可提供功能位点基因芯片育种整体解决方案
