秸秆是农作物收获后所剩余的重要生物质资源。自我国改革开放40多年以来，随着农林行业的快速发展，我国的秸秆产量同样在增长。根据联合国粮农组织的相关资料统计，我国的秸秆产出量位居世界之首，大约占全球总量的五分之一。
Straw is an important biomass resource left after harvest.Since the reform and opening more than 40 years, along with the rapid development of agriculture and forestry industry, our straw output also growing. According to the relevant data statistics of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the straw production quantity of our country ranks the first in the world, about one-fifth of the global total.
近些年来，我国高度重视秸秆方面相关问题。在相关部门与专家的合力支持下，目前已经形成以政府为主导，企业与社会共同参与下，我国的秸秆资源化利用率逐年递增，并取得良好的社会、经济和生态效益。
In recent years, our country attaches great importance to the straw aspect related problem. With the resultant support of relevant departments and experts, it has been formed at present with the government as the leading, under the joint participation of enterprise and society, the utilization of straw resources in our country has been increasing year by year, and has obtained good social, economic and ecological benefits.
据农业农村部去年10月发布的《全国农作物秸秆综合利用情况报告》，全国农作物秸秆综合利用率稳步提升，2021年，全国农作物秸秆利用量6.47亿吨，综合利用率达88.1%。而在2010年，这个数据仅为69％。88.1％综合利用率的背后，秸秆都去哪了？
According to the "National Crop Straw Comprehensive Utilization Report" released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs last year, the national comprehensive utilization rate of crop straws has steadily increased. In 2021, the national crop straw utilization will be 647 million tons, and the comprehensive utilization rate will reach 88.1%.In 2010, this figure was only 69%. Behind the comprehensive utilization rate of 88.1%, where did the straw go?
秸秆“五化”综合利用技术
"Five utilizations” of straw
为系统增加秸秆资源化利用，国务院办公厅在2008年印发《关于加快推进农作物秸秆综合利用的意见》文件，自此我国各地区逐步将秸秆综合利用技术归纳为肥料化、饲料化、燃料化、原料化、基料化五类为主要的秸秆利用途径，并简称为“五化”。
In order to increase the resource utilization of straw systematically, The General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Comprehensive Utilization of Crop Straw in 2008. Since then, the comprehensive utilization technology of straw has been gradually summarized into five main utilization ways, namely, fertilizer, feed, fuel, raw material and base material, which are referred to as the "Five utilization".
秸秆肥料化因其技术简单，成本较低等优势，因此是利用最为广泛的手段。目前最主要的技术为直接还田、腐熟还田、生物反应堆、堆沤还田。秸秆饲料化主要适用于玉米、小麦、高粱等作物。通过青贮、黄贮、微贮、膨化、成型、干草等方式完成秸秆饲料加工技术。秸秆燃烧化利用秸秆的可燃性进行发电、发热等工业生产中必要助力。目前，秸秆发电是当前最重要的技术形式。秸秆基料化指以秸秆为主要原料，加工或制备为微生物、植物或动物生长提供一定营养和良好条件的有机物料，主要包括食用菌技术、植物栽培育苗基质技术和动物饲养垫料技术等。秸秆原料化指秸秆作为工业原料进行加工利用的技术，主要包括人造板材、复合材料加工、清洁制浆等。
Straw fertilizer is the most widely used method because of its advantages of simple technology and low cost. At present the main techniques are direct retting, decomposing retting, bioreactor retting and compost retting. Straw feed is mainly applied to corn, wheat, sorghum and other crops. Through silage, yellow storage, microstorage, puffing, molding, hay and other ways to complete the straw feed processing technology. The combustibility of straw is used to help power generation, heating and other industrial production. At present, straw power generation is the most important technology form. Straw base processing refers to the processing or preparation of organic materials with straw as the main raw material to provide certain nutrition and good conditions for the growth of microorganisms, plants or animals, including edible mushroom technology, plant cultivation and seedling substrate technology and animal feeding cushion technology. Straw feedstock refers to the technology of straw processing and utilization as industrial raw materials, including artificial board, composite material processing, clean pulping and so on.
秸秆资源化利用的壁垒
Barriers to the resource utilization of straw
秸秆属于生物质资源，进入本世纪后研究人员对生物质资源的物理转化、化学转化和生物转化开展了大量的研究，直到如今仍是科学研究的热点问题。通过研究表明，植物在长期的自然演变过程中进化出了复杂的细胞壁结构和特殊的理化机制，形成了抗微生物和酶等攻击的天然屏障，以此来保护自身免受外部不利因素的影响，一般称之为抗降解屏障。但是在秸秆类生物质资源的资源化利用过程中，该屏障却使得目前生物质转化的效率很难满足大规模工业化的要求，严重限制了其工业化利用的进程。
Straw belongs to biomass resources. Since the beginning of this century, researchers have carried out a lot of research on the physical transformation, chemical transformation and biological transformation of biomass resources, which is still a hot issue in scientific research. Studies have shown that plants have evolved complex cell wall structures and special physical and chemical mechanisms in the long-term natural evolution process, forming a natural barrier against microbial and enzyme attacks, in order to protect themselves from external adverse factors, generally known as the anti-degradation barrier. However, in the process of utilization of straw biomass resources, this barrier makes it difficult for the efficiency of biomass conversion to meet the requirements of large-scale industrialization, and seriously limits the process of industrial utilization.
秸秆的高价值化利用势在必行
High-value utilization of straw
生物质能源是仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气的第四大能源。OECD预测，根据全球三大经济体的生物质产业链发展规划，到2030年预计全球至少20%化工品被生物质产品替代。而秸秆是生物质产业最佳原料之一。我国每年秸秆产量超过8亿吨，即便考虑收集率和利用率也可以支撑1.5亿吨左右的生物质产品。
Biomass resources is the fourth largest energy after coal, oil and natural gas. OECD predicts that according to the development plan of the biomass industry chain of the world's three major economies, at least 20% of the world's chemicals are expected to be replaced by biomass products by 2030. Straw is one of the best raw materials for the biomass industry. China's annual straw output exceeds 800 million tons, and even considering the collection rate and utilization rate, it can support about 150 million tons of biomass products.
秸秆虽是很好的生物质原料，但现有技术对其利用普遍低值化，低质产品无法替代化工品。如果将秸秆转化成高值化产品，有望替代玉米作为合成生物学的原料的主要来源。目前，一些秸秆附加价值相对较高的产业，例如：木糖醇生产、纤维素乙醇生产等在行业内占比较小，但秸秆高附加值工业产品的开发将是未来秸秆资源化利用的重要途径。
Although straw is a good biomass raw material, its utilization is generally undervalued in the existing technology, and low-quality products cannot replace chemicals. If straw is converted into high-value products, it is expected to replace corn as the main source of raw materials for synthetic biology. Some industries with relatively high added value of straw, such as xylitol production and cellulose ethanol production, account for a relatively small proportion in the industry, but the development of high value-added industrial products of straw will be an important way for the resource utilization of straw in the future.
1、我国秸秆资源管理政策发展研究
2、我国秸杆资源的利用现状及其综合利用前景
3、中国秸秆养分资源及还田的时空分布特征
4、秸秆高值利用或掀起第二次“页岩气革命”
