如今，在乌俄冲突等国际复杂环境和国内极端高/低温、干旱等自然灾害方面频发的情况下，我国在实现粮食自给可控，提升农业全球竞争力等方面面临诸多严峻挑战。
Nowadays, in the context of complex international environments such as the conflict between Ukraine and Russia, as well as frequent natural disasters such as extreme high/low temperatures and droughts in China, China is facing many serious challenges in achieving self-sufficiency and controllability in food production, and enhancing the global competitiveness of agriculture.
全中国有60%以上的人都以水稻为主食，为了让14亿人口吃饱饭，我国水稻培育经历了两次“绿色革命”，即1.0时代的人工驯化（水稻矮化选育）和2.0时代的传统育种（杂种优势利用），使水稻产量得到大幅度的提高。但传统育种技术已经达到了瓶颈，对复杂现象的理解有限，只能依靠不断试错来选优，产量或者品质已很难再有所提高。
More than 60% of the people in China rely on rice as their staple food. In order to feed the 1.4 billion people, China's rice cultivation has experienced two "green revolutions", namely artificial domestication (rice dwarf breeding) in the era 1.0 and traditional breeding (utilization of hybrid vigor) in the era 2.0, which has greatly increased rice yields. Traditional breeding technology has reached bottleneck, with limited understanding of complex phenomena. It can only rely on continuous trial and error to select the best. It is difficult to improve yield or quality.
目前我国正向3.0时代的分子标记辅助育种和转基因育种不断进步与突破，而基因编辑技术和全基因组选择技术等生物技术也正在与传统育种、大数据、人工智能等技术进行融合，推动着水稻生物育种技术的变革发展。
At present, China is making continuous progress and breakthroughs in molecular marker-assisted breeding and transgenic breeding in the 3.0 era. Biotechnologies such as gene editing technology and whole-genome selection technology are also being integrated with traditional breeding, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, promoting the transformation and development of rice biological breeding technology.
2021-2023年中央一号文件均有提及生物育种的重要性，加大力度推动我国生物育种技术的应用，以确保我国种子及粮食安全，有望改变当前我国处于以杂交选育为主，前沿生物育种技术未大量投入水稻实际生产应用的2.0阶段育种局面。基因编辑育种及全基因组选择育种作为生物育种技术的重要组成，是当前水稻育种技术受关注重点。
The No. 1 central document from 2021-2023 mentioned the importance of biological breeding, and strengthened efforts to promote the application of biological breeding technology in China to ensure the safety of seeds and food in China, which is expected to change the current breeding situation of stage 2.0 in which China is mainly focused on hybrid breeding and frontier biological breeding technology has not been heavily invested in the actual production and application of rice. Judging from international experience, if traditional breeding techniques are used, it may take 30 to 50 years in terms of time. Even now, through intelligent breeding methods such as molecular markers, whole-genome selection, and big data, it still takes about 10 years to develop varieties. Breeding and continuous optimization of traits. Gene editing breeding and whole genome selection breeding, as important components of biological breeding technology, are currently the focus of attention in rice breeding technology.
水稻基因编辑育种可以获得不含外源DNA的遗传变异植株。随着时间的推移，基因编辑技术已经发展成为一种新的方法，它可以通过改变核酸酶的组成来实现转录激活。这种方法包括使用CRISPR/Cas9等先进的工具。这些技术应用于水稻基因编辑可获得不含外源DNA的遗传变异植株。
Rice gene editing breeding can obtain genetically modified plants without exogenous DNA. Over time, gene editing technology has developed into a new method that can achieve transcriptional activation by altering the composition of nucleases. This method includes the use of advanced tools such as CRISPR/Cas9. These techniques can be applied to rice gene editing to obtain genetically modified plants without exogenous DNA.
融合胞苷脱氨酶的碱基编辑，可以在不断裂dsDNA为前提实现单碱基 C→T（或G→A）的取代，应用于OsEPSPS后可获得耐草甘膦水稻碱基编辑新种质。随后各类碱基编辑器接踵而至，如各具特点的腺嘌呤单碱基编辑器（A/T→G/C）、糖基化酶单碱基编辑器（CG互换）、双碱基编辑器（CG/TA同时互换）等。在水稻Xa23基因启动子区域靶向敲入顺式元（AvrXa7/PthXo3EBE元件或TalC EBE元件），获得了对特定白叶枯病菌株抗性的水稻植株，实现了该基因编辑系统的育种应用价值。
The base editing of fused cytidine deaminase can achieve the substitution of single base C→T (orG→A) without breaking dsDNA, and can be applied to OsEPSPS to obtain new glyphosate tolerant rice base editing germplasm. Subsequently, various base editors followed suit, such as adenine single base editors (A/T→G/C), glycosylase single base editors (CG swapping), and double base editors (CG/TA swapping) with different characteristics. Targeting the cis element (AvrXa7/PthXo3EBE element or TalC EBE element) in the promoter region of the rice Xa23 gene, rice plants resistant to specific bacterial wilt strains were obtained, realizing the breeding application value of the gene editing system.
图片来源：科技工作者之家
近十年来，基因编辑技术在水稻上的应用日益成熟，它不仅能够通过两代种植来获得稳定的性状，而且还能够提供高效准确的诱变手段，从而缩短育种周期，培育出更加抗逆的水稻品系，这对于基因研究来说，具有极大的潜力。此外，多靶标编辑还可以实现复杂性状的定向改良。
In the past decade, the application of gene editing technology in rice has become increasingly mature. It can not only obtain stable traits through two generations of cultivation, but also provide efficient and accurate mutagenesis methods, thereby shortening the breeding cycle and cultivating more stress resistant rice lines. This has great potential for gene research. In addition, multi target editing can also achieve targeted improvement of complex traits.
1、水稻生态育种科学体系的构建及新进展
2、水稻核心种质的育种成效
3、水稻核心种质育种体系创建及优质稻育种实践
